Airtal Difucreme may be available in the countries listed below.
Aceclofenac is reported as an ingredient of Airtal Difucreme in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
DIFLUCAN™ POWDER FOR ORAL SUSPENSION 50MG/5ML
DIFLUCAN™ POWDER FOR ORAL SUSPENSION 200MG/5ML
DIFLUCAN™ INTRAVENOUS INFUSION 2MG/ML
Diflucan contains as its active ingredient fluconazole as 50mg or 200mg per 5ml as powder for oral suspension on reconstitution with water, and as 2mg/ml in a saline solution for intravenous infusion.
Diflucan Powder for Oral Suspension is a dry white to off-white powder which yields, on reconstitution with water (24ml), an orange flavoured suspension containing the equivalent of 50mg or 200mg fluconazole per 5ml.
Diflucan Intravenous Infusion 2mg/ml is available in a 0.9% aqueous sodium chloride solution, presented in glass infusion vials (25 or 100ml).
Therapy may be instituted before the results of the cultures and other laboratory studies are known; however, once these results become available, anti-infective therapy should be adjusted accordingly.
Diflucan is indicated for the treatment of the following conditions:
1. Genital candidiasis. Vaginal candidiasis, acute or recurrent. Candidal balanitis. The treatment of partners who present with symptomatic genital candidiasis should be considered.
2. Mucosal candidiasis. These include oropharyngeal, oesophageal, non-invasive bronchopulmonary infections, candiduria, mucocutaneous and chronic oral atrophic candidiasis (denture sore mouth). Normal hosts and patients with compromised immune function may be treated.
3. Tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea versicolor and dermal Candida infections. Diflucan is not indicated for nail infections and tinea capitis.
4. Systemic candidiasis including candidaemia, disseminated candidiasis and other forms of invasive candidal infection. These include infections of the peritoneum, endocardium and pulmonary and urinary tracts. Candidal infections in patients with malignancy, in intensive care units or those receiving cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy may be treated.
5. Cryptococcosis, including cryptococcal meningitis and infections of other sites (e.g. pulmonary, cutaneous). Normal hosts, and patients with AIDS, organ transplants or other causes of immunosuppression may be treated. Diflucan can be used as maintenance therapy to prevent relapse of cryptococcal disease in patients with AIDS.
6. For the prevention of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients considered at risk as a consequence of neutropenia following cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy, including bone marrow transplant patients.
Diflucan may be administered either orally or by intravenous infusion at a rate of approximately 5-10ml/min, the route being dependent on the clinical state of the patient. On transferring from the intravenous route to the oral route or vice versa, there is no need to change the daily dose. Diflucan intravenous infusion is formulated in 0.9% sodium chloride solution, each 200mg (100ml bottle) containing 15mmol each of Na+ and Cl-.
The daily dose of Diflucan should be based on the nature and severity of the fungal infection. Most cases of vaginal candidiasis respond to single dose therapy. Therapy for those types of infections requiring multiple dose treatment should be continued until clinical parameters or laboratory tests indicate that active fungal infection has subsided. An inadequate period of treatment may lead to recurrence of active infection. Patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis usually require maintenance therapy to prevent relapse.
Use in adults
1. Candidal vaginitis or balanitis - 150mg single oral dose.
2. Mucosal Candidiasis
Oropharyngeal candidiasis - the usual dose is 50mg once daily for 7 - 14 days. Treatment should not normally exceed 14 days except in severely immunocompromised patients.
For atrophic oral candidiasis associated with dentures - the usual dose is 50mg once daily for 14 days administered concurrently with local antiseptic measures to the denture.
For other candidal infections of mucosa except genital candidiasis (see above), e.g. oesophagitis, non-invasive bronchopulmonary infections, candiduria, mucocutaneous candidiasis etc., the usual effective dose is 50mg daily, given for 14 - 30 days.
In unusually difficult cases of mucosal candidal infections the dose may be increased to 100mg daily.
3. For tinea pedis, corporis, cruris, versicolor and dermal Candida infections the recommended dosage is 50mg once daily. Duration of treatment is normally 2 to 4 weeks but tinea pedis may require treatment for up to 6 weeks. Duration of treatment should not exceed 6 weeks.
4. For candidaemia, disseminated candidiasis and other invasive candidal infections the usual dose is 400mg on the first day followed by 200mg daily. Depending on the clinical response the dose may be increased to 400mg daily. Duration of treatment is based upon the clinical response.
5a. For cryptococcal meningitis and cryptococcal infections at other sites, the usual dose is 400mg on the first day followed by 200mg - 400mg once daily. Duration of treatment for cryptococcal infections will depend on the clinical and mycological response, but is usually at least 6-8 weeks for cryptococcal meningitis.
5b. For the prevention of relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS, after the patient receives a full course of primary therapy, Diflucan may be administered indefinitely at a daily dose of 100 - 200mg.
6. For the prevention of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients considered at risk as a consequence of neutropenia following cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy, the dose should be 50 to 400mg once daily, based on the patient's risk for developing fungal infection. For patients at high risk of systemic infection, e.g. patients who are anticipated to have profound or prolonged neutropenia such as during bone marrow transplantation, the recommended dose is 400mg once daily. Diflucan administration should start several days before the anticipated onset of neutropenia, and continue for 7 days after the neutrophil count rises above 1000 cells per mm3.
Use in children
As with similar infections in adults, the duration of treatment is based on the clinical and mycological response. Diflucan is administered as a single daily dose each day.
For children with impaired renal function, see dosing in “Use in patients with impaired renal function”.
Children over four weeks of age The recommended dose of Diflucan for mucosal candidiasis is 3mg/kg daily. A loading dose of 6mg/kg may be used on the first day to achieve steady state levels more rapidly.
For the treatment of systemic candidiasis and cryptococcal infections, the recommended dosage is 6-12mg/kg daily, depending on the severity of the disease.
For the prevention of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients considered at risk as a consequence of neutropenia following cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy, the dose should be 3-12mg/kg daily, depending on the extent and duration of the induced neutropenia (see adult dosing).
A maximum dosage of 400mg daily should not be exceeded in children.
Despite extensive data supporting the use of Diflucan in children there are limited data available on the use of Diflucan for genital candidiasis in children below 16 years. Use at present is not recommended unless antifungal treatment is imperative and no suitable alternative agent exists.
Children four weeks of age and younger Neonates excrete fluconazole slowly. In the first two weeks of life, the same mg/kg dosing as in older children should be used but administered every 72 hours. During weeks 3 and 4 of life, the same dose should be given every 48 hours.
A maximum dosage of 12mg/kg every 72 hours should not be exceeded in children in the first two weeks of life. For children between 3 and 4 weeks of life, 12mg/kg every 48 hours should not be exceeded.
To facilitate accurate measurement of doses less than 10mg, Diflucan should only be administered to children in hospital using the 50mg/5ml suspension orally or the intravenous infusion, depending on the clinical condition of the child. A suitable measuring device should be used for administration of the suspension. Once reconstituted the suspension should not be further diluted.
Use in the elderly The normal dose should be used if there is no evidence of renal impairment. In patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 50ml/min) the dosage schedule should be adjusted as described below.
Use in patients with impaired renal function Fluconazole is excreted predominantly in the urine as unchanged drug. No adjustments in single dose therapy are required. In patients (including children) with impaired renal function who will receive multiple doses of Diflucan, the normal recommended dose (according to indication) should be given on day 1, followed by a daily dose based on the following table:
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Compatibility of intravenous infusion
Although further dilution is unnecessary Diflucan Intravenous Infusion is compatible with the following administration fluids:
a) Dextrose 20%
b) Ringer's solution
c) Hartmann's solution
d) Potassium chloride in dextrose
e) Sodium bicarbonate 4.2%
f) Normal saline (0.9%)
Diflucan may be infused through an existing line with one of the above listed fluids. No specific incompatibilities have been noted, although mixing with any other drug prior to infusion is not recommended.
Diflucan should not be used in patients with known hypersensitivity to fluconazole or to related azole compounds or any other ingredient in the formulation.
Co-administration of other drugs known to prolong the QT interval and which are metabolised via the enzyme CYP3A4 such as cisapride, astemizole, pimozide and quinidine are contraindicated in patients receiving fluconazole (see sections 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for Use and 4.5 Interaction with Other Medicaments and Other Forms of Interaction).
In some patients, particularly those with serious underlying diseases such as AIDS and cancer, abnormalities in haematological, hepatic, renal and other biochemical function test results have been observed during treatment with Diflucan but the clinical significance and relationship to treatment is uncertain.
Very rarely, patients who died with severe underlying disease and who had received multiple doses of Diflucan had post-mortem findings which included hepatic necrosis. These patients were receiving multiple concomitant medications, some known to be potentially hepatotoxic, and/or had underlying diseases which could have caused the hepatic necrosis.
In cases of hepatotoxicity, no obvious relationship to total daily dose of Diflucan, duration of therapy, sex or age of the patient has been observed; the abnormalities have usually been reversible on discontinuation of Diflucan therapy.
As a causal relationship with Diflucan cannot be excluded, patients who develop abnormal liver function tests during Diflucan therapy should be monitored for the development of more serious hepatic injury. Diflucan should be discontinued if clinical signs or symptoms consistent with liver disease develop during treatment with Diflucan.
Patients have rarely developed exfoliative cutaneous reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, during treatment with fluconazole. AIDS patients are more prone to the development of severe cutaneous reactions to many drugs. If a rash develops in a patient treated for a superficial fungal infection which is considered attributable to Diflucan, further therapy with this agent should be discontinued. If patients with invasive/systemic fungal infections develop rashes, they should be monitored closely and Diflucan discontinued if bullous lesions or erythema multiforme develop.
In rare cases, as with other azoles, anaphylaxis has been reported.
Some azoles, including fluconazole, have been associated with prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram. During post-marketing surveillance, there have been very rare cases of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes in patients taking fluconazole. Although the association of fluconazole and QT-prolongation has not been fully established, fluconazole should be used with caution in patients with potentially proarrythmic conditions such as:
• Congenital or documented acquired QT prolongation
• Cardiomyopathy, in particular when heart failure is present
• Sinus bradycardia
• Existing symptomatic arrythmias
• Concomitant medication not metabolized by CY34A but known to prolong QT interval
• Electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalaemia
(See Section 4.5 Interactions with other medical products and other forms of interaction)
The following drug interactions relate to the use of multiple-dose fluconazole, and the relevance to single-dose 150mg fluconazole has not yet been established.
Concomitant use of the following other medicinal products is contraindicated:
Cisapride: There have been reports of cardiac events including Torsade de Pointes in patients to whom fluconazole and cisapride were coadministered. A controlled study found that concomitant fluconazole 200 mg once daily and cisapride 20 mg four times a day yielded a significant increase in cisapride plasma levels and prolongation of QT interval. Concomitant treatment with fluconazole and cisapride is contraindicated (see section 4.3 Contraindications).
Terfenadine: Because of the occurrence of serious cardiac dysrhythmias secondary to prolongation of the QTc interval in patients receiving azole antifungals in conjunction with terfenadine, interaction studies have been performed. One study at a 200 mg daily dose of fluconazole failed to demonstrate a prolongation in QTc interval. Another study at a 400 mg and 800 mg daily dose of fluconazole demonstrated that fluconazole taken in doses of 400 mg per day or greater significantly increases plasma levels of terfenadine when taken concomitantly. The combined use of fluconazole at doses of 400 mg or greater with terfenadine is contraindicated (see section 4.3 Contraindications). The coadministration of fluconazole at doses lower than 400 mg per day with terfenadine should be carefully monitored.
Astemizole: Concomitant administration of fluconazole with astemizole may decrease the clearance of astemizole. Resulting increased plasma concentrations of astemizole can lead to QT prolongation and rare occurrences of torsade de pointes. Coadministration of fluconazole and astemizole is contraindicated.
Pimozide: Although not studied in vitro or in vivo, concomitant administration of fluconazole with pimozide may result in inhibition of pimozide metabolism. Increased pimozide plasma concentrations can lead to QT prolongation and rare occurrences of torsade de pointes. Coadministration of fluconazole and pimozide is contraindicated.
Concomitant use of the following other medicinal products cannot be recommended:
Erythromycin: Concomitant use of fluconazole and erythromycin has the potential to increase the risk of cardiotoxicity (prolonged QT interval, Torsades de Pointes) and consequently sudden heart death. This combination should be avoided.
Concomitant use of the following other medicinal products lead to precautions and dose adjustments:
Rifampicin Concomitant administration of fluconazole and rifampicin resulted in a 25% decrease in the AUC and 20% shorter half-life of fluconazole. In patients receiving concomitant rifampicin, an increase in the fluconazole dose should be considered.
Hydrochlorothiazide In a kinetic interaction study, co-administration of multiple-dose hydrochlorothiazide to healthy volunteers receiving fluconazole increased plasma concentrations of fluconazole by 40%. An effect of this magnitude should not necessitate a change in the fluconazole dose regimen in subjects receiving concomitant diuretics, although the prescriber should bear it in mind.
The effect of fluconazole on other medicinal products
Fluconazole is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzyme 2C9 and a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. In addition to the observed /documented interactions mentioned below, there is a risk of increased plasma concentration of other compounds metabolized by CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 co-administered with fluconazole. Therefore caution should be exercised when using these combinations and the patients should be carefully monitored. The enzyme inhibiting effect of fluconazole persists 4- 5 days after discontinuation of fluconazole treatment due to the long half-life of fluconazole (See section 4.3).
Alfentanil: A study observed a reduction in clearance and distribution volume as well as prolongation of T½ of alfentanil following concomitant treatment with fluconazole. A possible mechanism of action is fluconazole's inhibition of CYP3A4. Dosage adjustment of alfentanil may be necessary.
Amitriptyline, nortriptyline: Fluconazole increases the effect of amitriptyline and nortriptyline. 5- nortriptyline and/or S-amitnptyline may be measured at initiation of the combination therapy and after one week. Dosage of amitriptyline/nortriptyline should be adjusted, if necessary
Amphotericine B: Concurrent administration of fluconazole and amphotericin B in infected normal and immunosuppressed mice showed the following results: a small additive antifungal effect in systemic infection with C. albicans, no interaction in intracranial infection with Cryptococcus neoformans, and antagonism of the two drugs in systemic infection with A. fumigatus. The clinical significance of results obtained in these studies is unknown.
Anticoagulants In an interaction study, fluconazole increased the prothrombin time (12%) after warfarin administration in healthy males. In post-marketing experience, as with other azole antifungals, bleeding events (bruising, epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleeding, hematuria and melaena) have been reported in association with increases in prothrombin time in patients receiving fluconazole concurrently with warfarin. Prothrombin time in patients receiving coumarin-type anticoagulants should be carefully monitored.
Azithromycin: An open-label, randomized, three-way crossover study in 18 healthy subjects assessed the effect of a single 1200 mg oral dose of azithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of a single 800 mg oral dose of fluconazole as well as the effects of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin. There was no significant pharmacokinetic interaction between fluconazole and azithromycin.
Benzodiazepines (Short Acting) Following oral administration of midazolam, fluconazole resulted in substantial increases in midazolam concentrations and psychomotor effects. This effect on midazolam appears to be more pronounced following oral administration of fluconazole than with fluconazole administered intravenously. If concomitant benzodiazepine therapy is necessary in patients being treated with fluconazole, consideration should be given to decreasing the benzodiazepine dosage and the patients should be appropriately monitored.
Fluconazole increases the AUC of triazolam (single dose) by approximately 50%, Cmax with 20-32% and increases t½ by 25-50 % due to the inhibition of metabolism of triazolam. Dosage adjustments of triazolam may be necessary.
Carbamazepine: Fluconazole inhibits the metabolism of carbamazepine and an increase in serum carbamazepine of 30% has been observed. There is a risk of developing carbamazepine toxicity. Dosage adjustment of carbamazepine may be necessary depending on concentration measurements/effect.
Calcium Channel Blockers: Certain dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists (nifedipine, isradipine, amlodipine and felodipine) are metabolized by CYP3A4. Fluconazole has the potential to increase the systemic exposure of the calcium channel antagonists. Frequent monitoring for adverse events is recommended.
Celecoxib: During concomitant treatment with fluconazole (200 mg daily) and celecoxib (200 mg) the celecoxib Cmax and AUC increased by 68% and 134%, respectively. Half of the celecoxib dose may be necessary when combined with fluconazole.
Ciclosporin: Fluconazole significantly increases the concentration and AUC of ciclosporin. This combination may be used by reducing the dosage of ciclosporin depending on ciclosporin concentration.
Cyclophosphamide: Combination therapy with cyclophosphamide and fluconazole results in an increase in serum bilirubin and serum creatinine. The combination may be used while taking increased consideration to the risk of increased serum bilirubin and serum creatinine.
Fentanyl: One fatal case of possible fentanyl fluconazole interaction was reported. The author judged that the patient died from fentanyl intoxication. Furthermore, in a randomized crossover study with twelve healthy volunteers it was shown that fluconazole delayed the elimination of fentanyl significantly. Elevated fentanyl concentration may lead to respiratory depression.
Halofantrine: Fluconazole can increase halofantrine plasma concentration due to an inhibitory effect on CYP3A4.
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: The risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis increases when fluconazole is coadministered with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors metabolised through CYP3A4, such as atorvastatin and simvastatin, or through CYP2C9, such as fluvastatin. If concomitant therapy is necessary, the patient should be observed for symptoms of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis and creatinine kinase should be monitored. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors should be discontinued if a markedincrease in creatinine kinase is observed or myopathy/rhabdomyolysis is diagnosed or suspected.
Losartan: Fluconazole inhibits the metabolism of losartan to its active metabolite (E-31 74) which is responsible for most of the angiotensin Il-receptor antagonism which occurs during treatment with losartan. Patients should have their blood pressure monitored continuously.
Methadone: Fluconazole may enhance the serum concentration of methadone.
Dosage adjustment of methadone may be necessary.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: The Cmax and AUC of flurbiprofen was increased by 23% and 81%, respectively, when coadministered with fluconazole compared to administration of flurbiprofen alone. Similarly, the Cmax and AUC of the pharmacologically active isomer [S-(+)-ibuprofen] was increased by 15% and 82%, respectively, when fluconazole was coadministered with racemic ibuprofen (400 mg) compared to administration of racemic ibuprofen alone. Although not specifically studied, fluconazole has the potential to increase the systemic exposure of other NSAIDs that are metabolized by CYP2C9 (e.g. naproxen, lornoxicam, meloxicam, diclofenac). Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to NSAIDs is recommended. Adjustment of dosage of NSAIDs maybe needed.
Oral contraceptives Two kinetic studies with combined oral contraceptives have been performed using multiple doses of fluconazole. There were no relevant effects on either hormone level in the 50mg fluconazole study, while at 200mg daily the AUCs of ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel were increased 40% and 24% respectively Thus multiple dose use of fluconazole at these doses is unlikely to have an effect on the efficacy of the combined oral contraceptive.
In a 300 mg once weekly fluconazole study, the AUCs of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone were increased by 24% and 13%, respectively.
Endogenous steroid Fluconazole 50mg daily does not affect endogenous steroid levels in females: 200-400mg daily has no clinically significant effect on endogenous steroid levels or on ACTH stimulated response in healthy male volunteers.
Phenytoin Concomitant administration of fluconazole and phenytoin may increase the levels of phenytoin to a clinically significant degree. If it is necessary to administer both drugs concomitantly, phenytoin levels should be monitored and the phenytoin dose adjusted to maintain therapeutic levels.
Prednisone: There was a case report that a liver-transplanted patient treated with prednisone developed acute adrenal cortex insufficiency when a three month therapy with fluconazole was discontinued. The discontinuation of fluconazole presumably caused an enhanced CYP3A4 activity which led to increased metabolism of prednisone. Patients on long-term treatment with fluconazole and prednisone should be carefully monitored for adrenal cortex insufficiency when fluconazole is discontinued.
Rifabutin There have been reports that an interaction exists when fluconazole is administered concomitantly with rifabutin, leading to increased serum levels of rifabutin. There have been reports of uveitis in patients to whom fluconazole and rifabutin were co-administered. Patients receiving rifabutin and fluconazole concomitantly should be carefully monitored.
Saquinavir: Fluconazole increases the AUC of saquinavir with approximately 50%, Cmax with approximately 55% and decreases clearance of saquinavir with approximately 50% due to inhibition of saquinavir's hepatic metabolism by CYP3A4 and inhibition of P-glycoprotein. Dosage adjustment of saquinavir may be necessary.
Sirolimus: Fluconazole increases plasma concentrations of sirolimus presumably by inhibiting the metabolism of sirolimus via CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein. This combination may be used with a dosage adjustment of sirolimus depending on the effect/concentration measurements.
Sulphonylureas Fluconazole has been shown to prolong the serum half-life of concomitantly administered oral sulphonylureas (chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, glipizide and tolbutamide) in healthy volunteers. Fluconazole and oral sulphonylureas may be co-administered to diabetic patients, but the possibility of a hypoglycaemic episode should be borne in mind.
Tacrolimus There have been reports that an interaction exists when fluconazole is administered concomitantly with tacrolimus, leading to increased serum levels of tacrolimus. There have been reports of nephrotoxicity in patients to whom fluconazole and tacrolimus were co-administered. Patients receiving tacrolimus and fluconazole concomitantly should be carefully monitored.
Theophylline In a placebo controlled interaction study, the administration of fluconazole 200mg for 14 days resulted in an 18% decrease in the mean plasma clearance of theophylline. Patients who are receiving high doses of theophylline or who are otherwise at increased risk for theophylline toxicity should be observed for signs of theophylline toxicity while receiving fluconazole, and the therapy modified appropriately if signs of toxicity develop.
Vinca Alkaloids: Although not studied, fluconazole may increase the plasma levels of the vinca alkaloids (e.g. vincristine and vinblastine) and lead to neurotoxicity, which is possibly due to an inhibitory effect on CYP3A4.
Vitamin A: Based on a case-report in one patient receiving combination therapy with all-trans-retinoid acid (an acid form of vitamin A) and fluconazole, CNS related undesirable effects have developed in the form of pseudotumour cerebri, which disappeared after discontinuation of fluconazole treatment. This combination may be used but the incidence of CNS related undesirable effects should be borne in mind.
Zidovudine Two kinetic studies resulted in increased levels of zidovudine most likely caused by the decreased conversion of zidovudine to its major metabolite. One study determined zidovudine levels in AIDS or ARC patients before and following fluconazole 200mg daily for 15 days. There was a significant increase in zidovudine AUC (20%). A second randomised, two-period, two-treatment cross-over study examined zidovudine levels in HIV infected patients. On two occasions, 21 days apart, patients received zidovudine 200mg every eight hours either with or without fluconazole 400mg daily for seven days. The AUC of zidovudine significantly increased (74%) during co-administration with fluconazole. Patients receiving this combination should be monitored for the development of zidovudine-related adverse reactions.
Interaction studies have shown that when oral fluconazole is co-administered with food, cimetidine, antacids or following total body irradiation for bone marrow transplantation, no clinically significant impairment of fluconazole absorption occurs.
Physicians should be aware that drug-drug interaction studies with other medications have not been conducted, but that such interactions may occur.
Use during pregnancy Data from several hundred pregnant women treated with standard doses (<200 mg/day) of fluconazole, administered as a single or repeated dosage in the first trimester, show no undesired effects in the foetus.
There have been reports of multiple congenital abnormalities in infants whose mothers were being treated for 3 or more months with high dose (400-800 mg/day) fluconazole therapy for coccidioidomycosis. The relationship between fluconazole and these events is unclear.
Animal studies show teratogenic effects (see section 5.3).
Accordingly, Diflucan should not be used in pregnancy, or in women of childbearing potential unless adequate contraception is employed.
Use during lactation Fluconazole is found in human breast milk at concentrations similar to plasma, hence its use in nursing mothers is not recommended.
When driving vehicles or operating machines it should be taken into account thatoccasionally dizziness or seizures may occur.
Fluconazole is generally well tolerated. The most common undesirable effects observed during clinical trials and associated with fluconazole are:
Nervous System Disorders: Headache.
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Rash.
Gastrointestinal Disorders: Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, flatulence, nausea.
In some patients, particularly those with serious underlying diseases such as AIDS and cancer, changes in renal and haematological function test results and hepatic abnormalities have been observed during treatment with fluconazole and comparative agents, but the clinical significance and relationship to treatment is uncertain (see Section 4.4 “Special warnings and special precautions for use”).
Hepatobiliary Disorders: Hepatic toxicity including rare cases of fatalities, elevated alkaline phosphatase, elevated bilirubin, elevated SGOT, elevated SGPT.
In addition, the following undesirable effects have occurred during post-marketing:
Nervous System Disorders: Dizziness, seizures, taste perversion.
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Alopecia, exfoliative skin disorders including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Gastrointestinal Disorders: Dyspepsia, vomiting.
Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Leukopenia including neutropenia and agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia.
Immune System Disorders:
Allegic reaction: Anaphylaxis (including angioedema, face oedema, pruritus), urticaria.
Hepatobiliary Disorders: Hepatic failure, hepatitis, hepatocellular necrosis, jaundice.
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: Hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypokalaemia.
Cardiac Disorders: QT prolongation, torsade de pointes (see section 4.4 Special Warnings and Special Precautions for Use).
There have been reports of overdosage with fluconazole and in one case, a 42 year-old patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus developed hallucinations and exhibited paranoid behaviour after reportedly ingesting 8200mg of fluconazole, unverified by his physician. The patient was admitted to the hospital and his condition resolved within 48 hours.
In the event of overdosage, supportive measures and symptomatic treatment, with gastric lavage if necessary, may be adequate.
As fluconazole is largely excreted in the urine, forced volume diuresis would probably increase the elimination rate. A three hour haemodialysis session decreases plasma levels by approximately 50%.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Triazole derivatives, ATC code J02AC.
Fluconazole, a member of the triazole class of antifungal agents, is a potent and selective inhibitor of fungal enzymes necessary for the synthesis of ergosterol.
Fluconazole shows little pharmacological activity in a wide range of animal studies. Some prolongation of pentobarbital sleeping times in mice (p.o.), increased mean arterial and left ventricular blood pressure and increased heart rate in anaesthetised cats (i.v.) occurred. Inhibition of rat ovarian aromatase was observed at high concentrations.
Both orally and intravenously administered fluconazole was active in a variety of animal fungal infection models. Activity has been demonstrated against opportunistic mycoses, such as infections with Candida spp. including systemic candidiasis in immunocompromised animals; with Cryptococcus neoformans, including intracranial infections; with Microsporum spp. and with Trichophyton spp. Fluconazole has also been shown to be active in animal models of endemic mycoses, including infections with Blastomyces dermatitides; with Coccidoides immitis, including intracranial infection and with Histoplasma capsulatum in normal and immunosuppressed animals.
There have been reports of cases of superinfection with Candida species other than C. albicans, which are often inherently not susceptible to fluconazole (e.g. Candida krusei). Such cases may require alternative antifungal therapy. Fluconazole is highly specific for fungal cytochrome P-450 dependent enzymes. Fluconazole 50mg daily given up to 28 days has been shown not to affect testosterone plasma concentrations in males or steroid concentrations in females of child-bearing age. Fluconazole 200-400mg daily has no clinically significant effect on endogenous steroid levels or on ACTH stimulated response in healthy male volunteers. Interaction studies with antipyrine indicate that single or multiple doses of fluconazole 50mg do not affect its metabolism.
The efficacy of fluconazole in tinea capitis has been studied in 2 randomised controlled trials in a total of 878 patients comparing fluconazole with griseofulvin. Fluconazole at 6 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks was not superior to griseofulvin administered at 11 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks. The overall success rate at week 6 was low (fluconazole 6 weeks: 18.3%; fluconazole 3 weeks: 14.7%; griseofulvin: 17.7%) across all treatment groups. These findings are not inconsistent with the natural history of tinea capitis without therapy.
The pharmacokinetic properties of fluconazole are similar following administration by the intravenous or oral route. After oral administration fluconazole is well absorbed and plasma levels (and systemic bioavailability) are over 90% of the levels achieved after intravenous administration. Oral absorption is not affected by concomitant food intake. Peak plasma concentrations in the fasting state occur between 0.5 and 1.5 hours post-dose with a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 30 hours. Plasma concentrations are proportional to dose. Ninety percent steady-state levels are reached by day 4 -5 with multiple once daily dosing.
Administration of a loading dose (on day 1) of twice the usual daily dose enables plasma levels to approximate to 90% steady-state levels by day 2. The apparent volume of distribution approximates to total body water. Plasma protein binding is low (11-12%).
Fluconazole achieves good penetration in all body fluids studied. The levels of fluconazole in saliva and sputum are similar to plasma levels. In patients with fungal meningitis, fluconazole levels in the CSF are approximately 80% of the corresponding plasma levels.
High skin concentrations of fluconazole, above serum concentrations, are achieved in the stratum corneum, epidermis-dermis and eccrine sweat. Fluconazole accumulates in the stratum corneum. At a dose of 50mg once daily, the concentration of fluconazole after 12 days was 73 microgram/g and 7 days after cessation of treatment the concentration was still 5.8 microgram/g .
The major route of excretion is renal, with approximately 80% of the administered dose appearing in the urine as unchanged drug. Fluconazole clearance is proportional to creatinine clearance. There is no evidence of circulating metabolites.
The long plasma elimination half-life provides the basis for single dose therapy for genital candidiasis and once daily dosing for other indications.
A study compared the saliva and plasma concentrations of a single fluconazole 100mg dose administration in a capsule or in an oral suspension by rinsing and retaining in mouth for 2 minutes and swallowing. The maximum concentration of fluconazole in saliva after the suspension was observed 5 minutes after ingestion, and was 182 times higher than the maximum saliva concentration after the capsule which occurred 4 hours after ingestion. After about 4 hours, the saliva concentrations of fluconazole were similar. The mean AUC (0-96) in saliva was significantly greater after the suspension compared to the capsule. There was no significant difference in the elimination rate from saliva or the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for the two formulations.
Pharmacokinetics in Children
In children, the following pharmacokinetic data have been reported:
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Mean Age 7 Years |
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*Denotes final day
In premature new-borns (gestational age around 28 weeks), intravenous administration of fluconazole of 6mg/kg was given every third day for a maximum of five doses while the premature new-borns remained in the intensive care unit. The mean half-life (hours) was 74 (range 44-185) on day 1 which decreased with time to a mean of 53 (range 30-131) on day 7 and 47 (range 27-68) on day 13.The area under the curve (microgram.h/ml) was 271 (range 173-385) on day 1 and increased with a mean of 490 (range 292-734) on day 7 and decreased with a mean of 360 (range 167-566) on day 13.
The volume of distribution (ml/kg) was 1183 (range 1070-1470) on day 1 and increased with time to a mean of 1184 (range 510-2130) on day 7 and 1328 (range 1040-1680) on day 13.
Reproductive Toxicity Increases in fetal anatomical variants (supernumerary ribs, renal pelvis dilation) and delays in ossification were observed at 25 and 50mg/kg and higher doses. At doses ranging from 80mg/kg (approximately 20-60x the recommended human dose) to 320mg/kg embryolethality in rats was increased and fetal abnormalities included wavy ribs, cleft palate and abnormal cranio-facial ossification. These effects are consistent with the inhibition of oestrogen synthesis in rats and may be a result of known effects of lowered oestrogen on pregnancy, organogenesis and parturition.
Carcinogenesis Fluconazole showed no evidence of carcinogenic potential in mice and rats treated orally for 24 months at doses of 2.5, 5 or 10mg/kg/day. Male rats treated with 5 and 10mg/kg/day had an increased incidence of hepatocellular adenomas.
Mutagenesis Fluconazole, with or without metabolic activation, was negative in tests for mutagenicity in 4 strains of S.typhimurium and in the mouse lymphoma L5178Y system. Cytogenetic studies in vivo (murine bone marrow cells, following oral administration of fluconazole) and in vitro
Akitonal may be available in the countries listed below.
Eperisone hydrochloride (a derivative of Eperisone) is reported as an ingredient of Akitonal in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Spiraphar may be available in the countries listed below.
In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.
Dimetridazole is reported as an ingredient of Spiraphar in the following countries:
Spiramycin adipate (a derivative of Spiramycin) is reported as an ingredient of Spiraphar in the following countries:
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Relieving congestion, cough, and throat and airway irritation due to colds, flu, or hay fever. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.
Maxifed DM is a decongestant, cough suppressant, and expectorant combination. It works by constricting blood vessels, reducing swelling in the nasal passages, and loosening mucus and lung secretions in the chest, making coughs more productive. The cough suppressant works in the brain to help decrease the cough reflex.
Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.
Some medical conditions may interact with Maxifed DM. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:
Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Maxifed DM. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:
This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Maxifed DM may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.
Use Maxifed DM as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.
Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Maxifed DM.
All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:
Diarrhea; dizziness; drowsiness; excitability; headache; irritability; nausea; stomach upset; trouble sleeping.
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); difficulty urinating; fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat; fever; hallucinations; mental or mood changes (eg, anxiety, nervousness); paleness; seizures; severe or persistent dizziness, lightheadedness, or headache; tremor.
This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.
See also: Maxifed DM side effects (in more detail)
Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include blurred vision; confusion; difficulty urinating; fast or shallow breathing; hallucinations; paleness; restlessness; seizures; severe dizziness, lightheadedness, or headache; severe drowsiness; unusually fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat; vomiting.
Store Maxifed DM at room temperature, between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Maxifed DM out of the reach of children and away from pets.
This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Maxifed DM. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.
Dispatim may be available in the countries listed below.
Timolol is reported as an ingredient of Dispatim in the following countries:
Timolol maleate (a derivative of Timolol) is reported as an ingredient of Dispatim in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Nor Vibrax may be available in the countries listed below.
Sildenafil citrate (a derivative of Sildenafil) is reported as an ingredient of Nor Vibrax in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
